The first evolutionary line is continuously traceable in the development of genetic materials, their proteins (phylogenetic topology) and ensuing forms of life. The first nucleic acid chains grew by processes of base pair changes, addition, deletion, inversion, duplication, rearrangements, activation, deactivation, in later stages by production of catalyzing enzymes, by interaction of these factors, mostly enlarging the overall DNA material. The development of function specific genes and proteins is graphically demonstrated by a polygenetic tree (molecular phylogram), by branch order and lengths, indicating their degree and distance of relation, the evolutionary steps and the corresponding evolutionary rates. The molecular tree of lineage delineates copy true the evolutionary tree of comparative anatomy of all plant and animal species, stating a common ancestry of all living organisms in the bio-chemical building blocks, the genetic code, the bio-synthesis of proteins, the catalysis by enzymes, an energy metabolism with glycolysis. The phylogenetic theory of descent serves as basis for description, denotation and categorization (taxonomy) of all organisms. As a result of evolutionary processes, there exist in discontinuous variability today about 5oo ooo plant and 2ooo ooo animal species. The degree of relationship between groups, traced in a hierarchical, monophyletic tree of lineage, is measured by singular, homologous, derived traits in descent of corresponding original traits (taxon, pl. taxa). The taxonomic categories are rooted in four kingdoms (regnum) of one cell organisms, prokaryotes, eukaryotes and mushrooms. |
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